Digital image format.

• Imagery is stored in raster (matrix) format — rows (i) and columns (j).
• Each scene has n bands stacked as layers; each pixel holds n values (one per band).
• Brightness values (DN / “BR”): the numeric pixel values. Range depends on the sensor’s quantization / radiometric resolution:
  • 8-bit → 0–255 (256 levels) — Landsat MSS/TM/ETM+.
  • 10-bit → 0–1023.
  • 12-bit → 0–4095 — Landsat 8/9 OLI (stored as 16-bit).
• More bits = finer tonal detail in shadows and highlights.