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**Photo scale.** Scale is a **ratio of distances**: `S = distance on photograph / distance on the ground` For an aerial photograph, this works out to: `S = f / H` - **f** — camera focal length. - **H** — flying height **above the terrain**. Scale can be expressed three ways: - **Verbal** — "1 cm equals 1 km". - **Representative fraction / ratio** — 1/100 000 or 1:100 000. - **Graphic (bar) scale** — a labeled bar on the map. - **Rule:** larger RF denominator → smaller scale (a 1:100 000 photo is *smaller* scale than 1:10 000).

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