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**Atmospheric windows** — bands where the atmosphere is mostly transparent to EM radiation. Remote-sensing instruments are designed to fit inside them. - **Visible** (0.4 – 0.7 µm) - **Near-infrared** (0.7 – 1.3 µm) - **Middle / short-wave infrared** (1.3 – 3.0 µm, with gaps) - **Thermal infrared** (3.0 – 5.0 µm and **8 – 14 µm** — the big thermal window) - **Microwave** (1 mm – 1 m) — used by radar; essentially all-weather. - **Blocked regions** (opaque) are dominated by H₂O and CO₂ absorption in the IR.

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