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**NDVI = (NIR − Red) / (NIR + Red)** — ranges from **−1 to +1**. | NDVI | Likely surface | |---|---| | ≤ 0.1 | Barren rock, sand, snow | | 0.2 – 0.3 | Shrubland, grassland | | 0.6 – 0.8 | Temperate / tropical rainforest | - **Water** is typically negative (red reflectance > NIR). - Cutoff thresholds vary by region — treat the numbers as ranges, not absolutes.
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