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**Three things the atmosphere does to radiation** passing through it: - **Scattering** — photons are redirected unpredictably by particles or molecules. - **Absorption** — photons are taken up by molecules (converted to heat or re-radiated). - **Transmission** — photons pass through unchanged (this is what we want for imaging). - **Path length** matters: low-sun / high-latitude imagery traverses more atmosphere and suffers more scattering + absorption.

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