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**Essay — Applications of the Landsat series.** - **Continuity (since 1972)** enables decadal change detection unmatched by any other system. - **Land-cover & land-use change.** Deforestation (Amazon, Southeast Asia), urban growth, wetland loss. - **Agriculture.** Crop-type mapping, yield forecasting via NDVI time series, irrigation monitoring. - **Water.** Reservoir extent, glacier retreat, algal blooms (using thermal + VSWIR). - **Disaster response.** Wildfire burn-scar mapping, flood extent, volcanic activity. - **Climate.** Long-term surface-temperature records, snow-cover trends. - **Free & open data policy (since 2008)** — the single biggest multiplier of Landsat's impact.

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