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**Landsat** is the longest continuous Earth-observation record (1972–present, USGS/NASA). - **Orbit:** 705 km, sun-synchronous, 16-day repeat. - **Current sensors (Landsat 8 & 9):** **OLI-2** (9 bands, incl. coastal/aerosol, blue, green, red, NIR, two SWIR, pan at 15 m, cirrus) + **TIRS-2** (2 thermal bands at 100 m). VSWIR at **30 m**, pan **15 m**. - **Heritage bands (TM/ETM+):** B3 = Red, B4 = NIR → NDVI = (B4 − B3)/(B4 + B3). On OLI: **B4 = Red, B5 = NIR**.

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