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**Spectral reflectance curves.** Different surface features have **distinctive** EM reflectance "signatures" across wavelength. That's why band math and classification work at all. - Vegetation: low red, high NIR. - Water: low everywhere, especially NIR. - Soil: moderate across the board, peaks in SWIR. - Snow: high in visible, drops in SWIR (how we separate snow from clouds).

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