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**Simple Ratio (SR) = NIR / Red.** First "true" vegetation index (Cohen 1991, building on Jordan 1969). Image ratioing highlights the spectral contrast between vegetation and non-vegetation. - On Landsat TM/ETM+, SR = **Band 4 / Band 3** (NIR ÷ Red). - **Weakness:** unbounded; values can become very large over dense canopies, making comparisons across scenes tricky. NDVI fixes this.

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